HARD WATER PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS What is hard water? Hard water is a type of water that contains some minerals like magnesium and calcium. They may have small concentrations of ions such as Sodium, Chloride and Sulphate derived from wind action over the sea. According to the concentration of multivalent cations like calcium and magnesium available in water, hardness of water can be categorized into permanent hardness and temporary hardness. Permanent hardness (mineral content) is generally difficult to remove by boiling, If this occurs, it is usually caused by the presence of calcium sulfate/calcium chloride and/or magnesium sulfate/magnesium chloride in the water, which do not precipitate out as the temperature increases. Ions causing permanent hardness of water can be removed using a water softener, or ion-exchange However, unlike the permanent hardness caused by sulfate and chloride compounds, this "temporary" hardness can be reduced either by boiling the water, or...
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